tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-54418776787204321352024-02-08T02:14:47.827-08:00Code Friend... a melting pot for a law students' ideas and understanding on cases discussed and to be discussed in class which are all for educational purposes only.
Any comments, suggestions and recommendations will highly be appreciated.Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-61591855615805929972014-01-08T19:00:00.001-08:002014-01-15T19:27:17.697-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 173227. January 20, 2009<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div class="MsoTitle">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Sebastian Siga-an, petitioner, vs. Alicia Villanueva, respondent.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Facts</b>: Respondent filed a complaint for sum of money against petitioner. Respondent
claimed that petitioner approached her inside the PNO and
offered to loan her the amount of <s>P</s>540,000.00 of which the loan agreement was not reduced in
writing and there was no stipulation
as to the payment of interest for the loan. Respondent issued a check worth <s>P</s>500,000.00 to petitioner as
partial payment of the loan. She then issued another check in the amount of <s>P</s>200,000.00 to
petitioner as payment of the remaining balance of the loan of which the excess amount of <s>P</s>160,000.00 would be applied as interest for the
loan. Not satisfied with the amount
applied as interest, petitioner pestered her to pay additional interest and threatened to block or disapprove
her transactions with the PNO if she would not comply with his demand. Thus, she paid additional amounts in cash and
checks as interests for the loan. She
asked petitioner for receipt for the payments but was told that it
was not necessary as there was mutual trust and confidence between them.
According to her computation, the total amount she paid to petitioner for the
loan and interest accumulated to <s>P</s>1,200,000.00.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
RTC rendered a Decision holding that respondent made an
overpayment of her loan obligation to petitioner and that the latter should
refund the excess amount to the former.
It ratiocinated that respondent’s obligation was only to pay the loaned
amount of <s>P</s>540,000.00, and that the alleged interests due should not be
included in the computation of respondent’s total monetary debt because there
was no agreement between them regarding payment of interest. It concluded that since respondent made an
excess payment to petitioner in the amount of <s>P</s>660,000.00 through
mistake, petitioner should return the said amount to respondent pursuant to the
principle of <i>solutio indebiti</i>. Also, petitioner should pay moral damages for the sleepless nights and
wounded feelings experienced by respondent.
Further, petitioner should pay exemplary damages by way of example or
correction for the public good, plus attorney’s fees and costs of suit.<b> </b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Issue</b>: (1) Whether or not interest was due to petitioner; and (2) whether the principle of solutio indebiti applies to the case at bar.<b> </b></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ruling</b>: (1)</span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">No. Compensatory interest is not chargeable in the instant case because it was
not duly proven that respondent defaulted in paying the loan and no interest was due
on the loan because there was no written agreement as regards payment of
interest.</span></span> </span>Article
1956 of the Civil Code, which refers to monetary interest,
specifically mandates that no interest shall be due unless it has been
expressly stipulated in writing. As can
be gleaned from the foregoing provision, payment of monetary interest is
allowed only if: (1) there was an express stipulation for the payment of
interest; and (2) the agreement for the payment of interest was reduced in
writing. The concurrence of the two
conditions is required for the payment of monetary interest. Thus, we have held that collection of
interest without any stipulation therefor in writing is prohibited by law. </span><i><span style="color: black;"> </span></i></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">(2)</span><i><span style="color: black;"> </span></i><span style="color: black;">Petitioner cannot be compelled to return the
alleged excess amount paid by respondent as interest. Under
Article 1960 of the Civil Code, if the borrower of loan pays interest when
there has been no stipulation therefor, the provisions of the Civil Code
concerning <i>solutio</i> <i>indebiti</i> shall be applied. Article 2154 of the Civil Code explains the
principle of <i>solutio indebiti</i>.
Said provision provides that if something is received when there is no
right to demand it, and it was unduly delivered through mistake, the obligation
to return it arises. In such a case, a
creditor-debtor relationship is created under a quasi-contract whereby the
payor becomes the creditor who then has the right to demand the return of
payment made by mistake, and the person who has no right to receive such payment
becomes obligated to return the same.
The quasi-contract of <i>solutio indebiti</i> harks back to the ancient
principle that no one shall enrich himself unjustly at the expense of another.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5441877678720432135#_ftn31" name="_ftnref31" title=""></a> The principle of <i>solutio indebiti</i>
applies where (1) a payment is made when there exists no binding relation
between the payor, who has no duty to pay, and the person who received the
payment; and (2) the payment is made through mistake, and not through
liberality or some other cause. We have held that the principle of <i>solutio
indebiti</i> applies in case of erroneous payment of undue interest. <a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5441877678720432135#_ftn33" name="_ftnref33" title=""></a> </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;">Article
2232 of the Civil Code states that in a quasi-contract, such as <i>solutio
indebiti</i>, exemplary damages may be imposed if the defendant acted in an
oppressive manner. Petitioner acted
oppressively when he pestered respondent to pay interest and threatened to
block her transactions with the PNO if she would not pay interest. This forced respondent to pay interest
despite lack of agreement thereto. Thus,
the award of exemplary damages is appropriate so as to deter petitioner and other lenders from
committing similar and other serious wrongdoings. </span></span></span></div>
</div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-6402416506751831982013-11-04T01:26:00.000-08:002014-01-15T19:22:58.190-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. L-25024. March 30, 1970. 32 SCRA 188<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Teodoro C. Santiago, JR. minor, represented by his mother, Angelita C.
Santiago, </span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">petitioner-appellant, vs. Juanita
Bautista, Rosalinda Alpas, Rebecca Matugas, Milkita Inamac, Romeo Agustin, Aida
Camino, Luna Sarmago, Aurora Lorena, Soledad Francisco and Mr. Flor Marcelo, respondents-appellees.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: Appellant Teodoro Santiago, Jr. was a pupil in
Grade Six at the public school named Sero Elementary School in Cotabato City.
As the school year 1964-1965 was then about to end, the "Committee on the
Rating of Students for Honor" was constituted by the teachers concerned at
said school for the purpose of selecting the "honor students" of its
graduating class. With the school Principal, Mrs. Aurora Lorena, as chairman,
and Juanita Bautista, Rosalinda Alpas, Rebecca Matugas, Milkita Inamac, Romeo Agustin,
Aida Camino and Luna Sarmago, as members, the above-named committee deliberated
and finally adjudged Socorro Medina, Patricia Liñgat and Teodoro C. Santiago,
Jr. as first, second and third honors, respectively. The school's graduation
exercises were thereafter set for May 21, 1965; but three days before that
date, the "third placer" Teodoro Santiago, Jr., represented by his
mother, and with his father as counsel, sought the invalidation of the
"ranking of honor students."</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: Whether or not there is
an actual cause of action for petition for certiorari.</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: No. The court held to sustain the
order of dismissal appealed from for failure on the part of appellant to comply
with the requirements of Section 1 of Rule 65. To be sure, the lower court's
holding that appellant's failure to accompany his petition with a copy of the
judgment or order subject thereof together with copies of all pleadings and
documents relevant and pertinent thereto "is fatal to his cause" is
supported not only by the provision of that Rule but by precedents as well.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-63880182037564020922013-11-04T01:23:00.004-08:002014-01-15T19:23:10.609-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 78780. July 23, 1987. 152 SCRA 284<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">David G. Nitafan, Wenceslao M. Polo, and Maximo A. Savellano, Jr.,</span><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> petitioners, vs. Commissioner Of
Internal Revenue and The Financial Officer, Supreme Court Of The Philippines,
respondents.</span></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: Petitioners, the duly appointed and qualified
Judges presiding over Branches 52, 19 and 53, respectively, of the Regional
Trial Court, National Capital Judicial Region, all with stations in Manila,
seek to prohibit and/or perpetually enjoin respondents, the Commissioner of
Internal Revenue and the Financial Officer of the Supreme Court, from making
any deduction of withholding taxes from their salaries.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: Whether or not members of the Judiciary are
exempt from income taxes.</span></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;">
</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background-color: white;"><b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="background-attachment: scroll; background-clip: border-box; background-image: none; background-origin: padding-box; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: repeat; background-size: auto auto; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: Yes. The Court held that the salaries
of Justices and Judges are properly subject to a general income tax law
applicable to all income earners and that the payment of such income tax by
Justices and Judges does not fall within the constitutional protection against
decrease of their salaries during their continuance in office and the ruling
that "the imposition of income tax upon the salary of judges is a diminution
thereof, and so violates the Constitution" in Perfecto vs. Meer, as affirmed in Endencia vs. David must be declared discarded. The framers of
the fundamental law, as the alter ego of
the people, have expressed in clear and unmistakable terms the meaning and
import of Section 10, Article VIII, of the 1987 Constitution that they have
adopted.</span></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-38717466627871277052013-11-04T00:21:00.000-08:002014-01-15T19:23:23.432-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 138570. October 10, 2000. 342 SCRA 449<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">BAYAN
(Bagong Alyansang Makabayan), a Junk VFA Movement, Bishop Tomas Millamena (Iglesia
Filipina Independiente), Bishop Elmer Bolocan (United Church of Christ of the
Phil.), Dr. Reynaldo Legasca, Md, Kilusang Mambubukid Ng Pilipinas, Kilusang
Mayo Uno, Gabriela, Prolabor, and The Public Interest Law Center, petitioners,
vs. Executive Secretary Ronaldo Zamora, Foreign Affairs Secretary Domingo
Siazon, Defense Secretary Orlando Mercado, Brig. Gen. Alexander Aguirre, Senate
President Marcelo Fernan, Senator Franklin Drilon, Senator Blas Ople, Senator
Rodolfo Biazon, And Senator Francisco Tatad, respondents.</span></span></div>
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<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Facts</b>: On
March 14, 1947, the Philippines and the United States of America forged a
Military Bases Agreement which formalized, among others, the use of
installations in the Philippine territory by United States military personnel. In
view of the impending expiration of the RP-US Military Bases Agreement in 1991,
the Philippines and the United States negotiated for a possible extension of
the military bases agreement. On September 16, 1991, the Philippine Senate
rejected the proposed RP-US Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Security
which, in effect, would have extended the presence of US military bases in the
Philippines. On July 18, 1997, the United States panel, headed by US Defense
Deputy Assistant Secretary for Asia Pacific Kurt Campbell, met with the
Philippine panel, headed by Foreign Affairs Undersecretary Rodolfo Severino
Jr., to exchange notes on “the complementing strategic interests of the United
States and the Philippines in the Asia-Pacific region.” Both sides discussed,
among other things, the possible elements of the Visiting Forces Agreement (VFA
for brevity). Thereafter, then President Fidel V. Ramos approved the VFA, which
was respectively signed by public respondent Secretary Siazon and Unites States
Ambassador Thomas Hubbard. On October 5, 1998, President Joseph E. Estrada,
through respondent Secretary of Foreign Affairs, ratified the VFA. On October
6, 1998, the President, acting through respondent Executive Secretary Ronaldo
Zamora, officially transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines, the Instrument
of Ratification, the letter of the President and the VFA, for concurrence
pursuant to Section 21, Article VII of the 1987 Constitution</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Issues</b>
(justiciable controversy): (1) Whether or not petitioners have legal standing
as concerned citizens, taxpayers, or legislators to question the
constitutionality of the VFA; (2) whether the VFA is governed by the provisions
of Section 21, Article VII or of Section 25, Article XVIII of the Constitution;
(3) and whether or not the Supreme Court has jurisdiction.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Ruling</b>:
(1) No. Petitioners failed to show that they have sustained, or are in danger
of sustaining any direct injury as a result of the enforcement of the VFA. As
taxpayers, petitioners have not established that the VFA involves the exercise
by Congress of its taxing or spending powers. On this point, it bears stressing
that a taxpayer’s suit refers to a case where the act complained of directly
involves the illegal disbursement of public funds derived from taxation.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(2)
Yes.The fact that the President referred the VFA to the Senate under Section
21, Article VII, and that the Senate extended its concurrence under the same
provision, is immaterial. For in either case, whether under Section 21, Article
VII or Section 25, Article XVIII, the fundamental law is crystalline that the
concurrence of the Senate is mandatory to comply with the strict constitutional
requirements.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(3)
No. In fine, absent any clear showing of grave abuse of discretion on the part
of respondents, the Court as the final arbiter of legal controversies and
staunch sentinel of the rights of the people is then without power to conduct
an incursion and meddle with such affairs purely executive and legislative in
character and nature. For the Constitution no less, maps out the distinct
boundaries and limits the metes and bounds within which each of the three
political branches of government may exercise the powers exclusively and
essentially conferred to it by law.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-36052330414757241622013-10-30T18:42:00.003-07:002014-01-15T19:23:35.544-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. L-6355-56. August 31, 1953. 93 Phil 696<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Pastor M. Endencia and Fernando
Jugo,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";"> plaintiffs-appellees, vs. <b>Saturnino David, as Collector of
Internal Revenue,</b> defendant-appellant.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">This is a joint appeal from the
decision of the Court of First Instance of Manila declaring section 13 of
Republic Act No. 590 unconstitutional, and ordering the appellant Saturnino
David as Collector of Internal Revenue to re-fund to Justice Pastor M. Endencia
the sum of P1,744.45, representing the income tax collected on his salary as
Associate Justice of the Court of Appeals in 1951, and to Justice Fernando Jugo
the amount of P2,345.46, representing the income tax collected on his salary
from January 1,1950 to October 19, 1950, as Presiding Justice of the Court of
Appeals, and from October 20, 1950 to December 31,1950, as Associate Justice of
the Supreme Court, without special pronouncement as to costs.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
Whether or not Republic Act No. 590, particularly section 13, can justify and
legalize the collection of income tax on the salary of judicial officers. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
No. The Supreme Court reiterated the doctrine laid down in the case of <i>Perfecto
vs. Meer, </i>to the effect that the collection of income tax on the salary of
a judicial officer is a diminution thereof and so violates the Constitution. It
is further held that the interpretation and application of the Constitution and
of statutes is within the exclusive province and jurisdiction of the Judicial
department, and that in enacting a law, the Legislature may not legally provide
therein that it be interpreted in such a way that it may not violate a
Constitutional prohibition, thereby tying the hands of the courts in their task
of later interpreting said statute, especially when the interpretation sought
and provided in said statute runs counter to a previous interpretation already
given in a case by the highest court of the land.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-71208542226437535432013-10-30T18:36:00.003-07:002014-01-15T19:23:49.467-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. L-2348. February 27, 1950. 85 Phil 522<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Gregorio Perfecto,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">
plaintiff-appellee, vs. <b>Bibiano Meer, Collector of Internal Revenue,</b>
defendant-appellant.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">In
April, 1947 the Collector of Internal Revenue required plaintiff-appellee to
pay income tax upon his salary as member of this Court during the year 1946. After
paying the amount, he instituted this action in the Manila Court of First
Instance contending that the assessment was illegal, his salary not being
taxable for the reason that imposition of taxes thereon would reduce it in
violation of the Constitution.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
Whether or not the imposition of an income tax upon this salary in 1946 amount
to a diminution thereof.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
The Supreme Court held that unless and until the Legislature approves an
amendment to the Income Tax Law expressly taxing "that salaries of judges
thereafter appointed", salaries of judges are not included in the word
"income" taxed by the Income Tax Law. Two paramount circumstances may
additionally be indicated, to wit: First, when the Income Tax Law was first
applied to the Philippines 1913, taxable "income" did not include
salaries of judicial officers when these are protected from diminution. That
was the prevailing official belief in the United States, which must be deemed
to have been transplanted here; and second, when the Philippine Constitutional
Convention approved (in 1935) the prohibition against diminution off the
judges’ compensation, the Federal principle was known that income tax on
judicial salaries really impairs them. </span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-39627609284061495362013-10-29T00:30:00.003-07:002014-01-15T19:24:06.753-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. L-16217. October 9, 1920. 41 Phil 94<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">The United States,</span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">
plaintiff-appellee, vs. M. J. Limsiongco, Vicente Yap, Yap Bun, Tan Fong,
Sing Joy, Chino Saya (<i>alias</i>) Isaias Javier, Lim Liongco, Sing Yang,
Lorenzo Pavia And Mariano Tan-Congco, defendants-appellants.</span></span></div>
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</span></span></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
The second division of the Supreme Court rendered a decision in a case on gambling.
Within the time allowed by the Rules of
the Court, counsel for appellants have raised a question unconnected with the
merits of the particular case, but assailing the very structure of the court
itself. Appellant's motion is based on the ground that the instant decision was
rendered by a division of the court and not by the body constituted by law for
the purpose, and hence the decisions as rendered, was rendered by a body
outside the law and having no power, authority or jurisdiction to render a final
decision in the controversy.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
Whether or not section 138 of the Administrative Code which authorizes
divisions in the Supreme Court had diminished the authority of the Supreme
Court to hear and determine causes.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif";">:
No. The Supreme
Court remains a unit notwithstanding it works in divisions. Although it may
have two divisions, it is but a single court. Actions considered in any one of
these divisions and decisions rendered therein are, in effect, by the same
Tribunal. The two divisions of this court are not to be considered as two
separate and distinct courts but as divisions of one and the same court. In the
exact words of the law which is questioned, <i>the Supreme Court </i>shall, as
a body, sit <i>in banc</i>, but it <i>may sit in divisions.</i> In addition,
the Supreme Court held that the Philippine Legislature had power to enact law
authorizing the Supreme Court to sit either <i>in banc </i>or in divisions to
transact business. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><br />
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-41166391224609725032013-10-16T19:18:00.001-07:002014-01-15T19:24:24.833-08:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 131136. February 28, 2001<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Conrado L. De Rama,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>petitioner,
vs.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>The Court Of Appeals
(Ninth Division, The Civil Service Commission), Eladio Martinez, Divino De Jesus,
Morell Ayala, Aristeo Catalla, Daisy Porta, Flordeliza Oriasel, Graciela Glory,
Felecidad Orinday, Ma. Petra Muffet Luce, Elsa Marino, Bernardita Mendoza, Jane
Macatangay, Adelfo Glodoviza and Florino Ramos,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>respondents</i>.</span></div>
<div class="book" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="ponente" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Upon
his assumption to the position of Mayor of Pagbilao, Quezon, petitioner Conrado
L. de Rama wrote a letter dated July 13, 1995 to the Civil Service Commission
(or CSC), seeking the recall of the appointments of fourteen (14) municipal
employees. Justifying his recall request on the allegation that the
appointments of the said employees were “midnight” appointments of the former
mayor, Ma. Evelyn S. Abeja, done in violation of Article VII, Section 15 of the
1987 Constitution. The CSC denied petitioner’s request for the recall of the
appointments of the fourteen employees, for lack of merit. The CSC upheld the
validity of the appointments on the ground that they had already been approved
by the Head of the CSC Field Office in Lucena City, and for petitioner’s
failure to present evidence that would warrant the revocation or recall of the
said appointments.</span></span></div>
<div class="ponente" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="1q" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.9pt; text-indent: -0.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: whether or not the recall made by petitioner
is valid.</span></span></div>
<div class="1q" style="margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.9pt; text-indent: -0.9pt;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="num" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: No. It is the CSC that is authorized to
recall an appointment initially approved, but only when such appointment and
approval are proven to be in disregard of applicable provisions of the civil
service law and regulations. Rule V, Section 9 of the Omnibus Implementing
Regulations of the Revised Administrative Code specifically provides that “an
appointment accepted by the appointee cannot be withdrawn or revoked by the
appointing authority and shall remain in force and in effect until disapproved
by the Commission.</span></span></div>
<div class="body" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="num" style="margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Accordingly, the
appointments of the private respondents may only be recalled on the following
grounds: (a)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Non-compliance with
the procedures/criteria provided in the agency’s Merit Promotion Plan; (b)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Failure to pass through the agency’s
Selection/Promotion Board; (c)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Violation
of the existing collective agreement between management and employees relative
to promotion; or (d)<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Violation of
other existing civil service law, rules and regulations.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-41120013524085090212013-10-16T06:01:00.001-07:002013-10-18T22:03:52.774-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 152259. July 29, 2004<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Alfredo
T. Romualdez, <i>petitioner, vs.</i> The Honorable Sandiganbayan (Fifth
Division) and the People of the Philippines, <i>respondents</i>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">_______________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: People of the
Philippines, through PCGG, filed a petition charging the accused with violation
of Section 5, RA. 3019 as amended. Said petitioner, brother-in-law of former
President Marcos and therefore, related by affinity within the third civil
degree, did then and there willfully and unlawfully, and with evident bad
faith, for the purpose of promoting his self-interested sic and/or that of
others, intervene directly or indirectly, in a contract between the National
Shipyard and Steel Corporation (NASSCO), a government-owned and controlled
corporation and the Bataan Shipyard and Engineering Company (BASECO), a private
corporation, the majority stocks of which is owned by former President Marcos,
whereby the NASSCO sold, transferred and conveyed to the BASECO its ownership
and all its titles and interests over all equipment and facilities including
structures, buildings, shops, quarters, houses, plants and expendable and
semi-expendable assets, located at the Engineer Island known as the Engineer
Island Shops including some of its equipment and machineries from Jose
Panganiban, Camarines Norte needed by BASECO in its shipbuilding and ship repair
program for the amount of <s>P</s>5,000,000.00.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: whether or
not petitioner enjoys derivative immunity from suit.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: In Estrada
vs. Desierto<i>, </i>the SC
exhaustively traced the origin of executive immunity in order to determine the
extent of its applicability. Executive immunity applied only during the
incumbency of a President. It could not be used to shield a non-sitting
President from prosecution for alleged criminal acts done while sitting in
office. The reasoning of petitioner must therefore fail, since he derives
his immunity from one who is no longer sitting as President. Verily, the
felonious acts of public officials and their close relatives are not acts of
the State, and the officer who acts illegally is not acting as such but stands
on the same footing as any other trespasser.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-61276203173702421972013-10-14T19:49:00.001-07:002013-10-18T22:04:21.552-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 92013 July 25, 1990<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Salvador H. Laurel,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">petitioner,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>vs. Ramon Garcia, as head of the Asset
Privatization Trust, Raul Manglapus, as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and Catalino
Macaraig, as Executive Secretary,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>respondents.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">_______________________________________________________________________</span><br />
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: The subject property in this case is one of the 4 properties in Japan
acquired by the Philippine government under the Reparations Agreement entered
into with Japan, the Roppongi property. The said property was acquired from the
Japanese government through Reparations Contract No. 300. It consists of the
land and building for the Chancery of the Philippine Embassy. As intended, it
became the site of the Philippine Embassy until the latter was transferred to
Nampeidai when the Roppongi building needed major repairs. President Aquino
created a committee to study the disposition/utilization of Philippine
government properties in Tokyo and Kobe, Japan. The President issued EO 296 entitling
non-Filipino citizens or entities to avail of separations' capital goods and
services in the event of sale, lease or disposition. </span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issues</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Whether or
not the Chief Executive, her officers and agents, have the authority and
jurisdiction, to sell the Roppongi property.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: It is not for the President to convey valuable real property of the
government on his or her own sole will. Any such conveyance must be authorized
and approved by a law enacted by the Congress. It requires executive and
legislative concurrence. It is indeed true that the Roppongi property is
valuable not so much because of the inflated prices fetched by real property in
Tokyo but more so because of its symbolic value to all Filipinos, veterans and
civilians alike. Whether or not the Roppongi and related properties will
eventually be sold is a policy determination where both the President and
Congress must concur. Considering the properties' importance and value, the
laws on conversion and disposition of property of public dominion must be
faithfully followed.</span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-26811709548734064492013-10-14T07:55:00.002-07:002013-10-29T00:26:13.214-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. L-20864. August 23, 1963<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Elpidio Valencia,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">
petitioner, vs. Macario Peralta, Jr.,
respondent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">______________________________________________________________________</span><br />
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts:
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Valencia was designated Acting Chairman of the board of
directors of the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority by the then Pres. Garcia.
Allegedly upon information that the then Pres. Garcia had extended him as an <i>ad
interim</i> appointment, petitioner took an oath of office to the position of
Chairman <i>Ad Interim</i> of said Authority of which the Commission on
Appointments confirmed and specified the expiration date of his term of office.
However, Pres. Macapagal appointed respondent as <i>ad interim</i> to the same
position. Thereafter, the petitioner ceased to attend any board meeting and
eventually instituted the present petition.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:
Whether or not the appointment of Valencia is valid.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:
No. The designation of petitioner as Acting Chairman of the NAWASA Board of
Directors is of revocable and temporary character which could not ripen into a
permanent appointment, even if it was subsequently confirmed by the Commission
on Appointments, because confirmation presupposes a valid nomination or recess
appointment, of which there is no trace. Neither does the fact that petitioner
Valencia subscribed an oath of office as <i>ad interim</i> appointee to the
position help his case, since the oath clearly does not correspond to the
temporary designation as Acting Chairman that was accorded him. There is on
record only one written designation of petitioner, a mere Acting Chairman, that
was not a permanent appointment, was revocable at any time by the Chief Executive,
and actually revoked by the subsequent designation of respondent Peralta.</span></span></div>
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<div class="casetitle">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Ronald
Allan Poe a.k.a. Fernando Poe, Jr., <i>protestant, vs.</i> Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo, <i>protestee</i>.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">_____________________________________________________________________________</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: GMA was proclaimed by the congress
as duly elected President of the Philippines. Refusing to concede defeat, the
second-placer in the elections, FPJ, filed an election protest before the
Presidential Electoral Tribunal. However, the protestant died in the
course of his medical treatment at St. Luke’s Hospital. Now, the widow of FPJ, Mrs.
Jesusa Sonora Poe submitted a manifestation with urgent petition/motion to
intervene as a substitute for deceased protestant FPJ.</span></span></div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">:<b>
</b>Whether the widow may substitute/intervene for the protestant who died
during the pendency of the latter’s protest case.</span></span></div>
<div class="body" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: No. The court held in Vda. de De
Mesa that while the right to a public office is personal and exclusive to the
public officer, an election protest is not purely personal and exclusive to the
protestant or to the protestee such that the death of either would oust the
court of all authority to continue the protest proceedings. Hence, substitution
and intervention is allowed but only by a real party in interest. A real party
in interest is the party who would be benefited or injured by the judgment, and
the party who is entitled to the avails of the suit. Herein
movant/intervenor, Mrs. FPJ, herself denies any claim to the august office of
President. Thus, given the circumstances of this case, we can conclude
that protestant’s widow is not a real party in interest to this election
protest.</span></span></div>
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<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Salvacion A. Monsanto,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">petitioner,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>vs. Fulgencio S. Factoran, Jr.,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>respondent.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">_______________________________________________________________________</span></span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: The Sandiganbayan
convicted petitioner and three other accused, of the complex crime of estafa
thru falsification of public document. Petitioner appealed her conviction to
the Supreme Court which subsequently affirmed the same. She then filed a motion
for reconsideration but while said motion was pending, she was by then
President Marcos absolute pardon. By reason of said pardon, petitioner wrote
the Calbayog City treasurer requesting that she be restored to her former post
as assistant city treasurer since the same was still vacant. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Petitioner's letter-request was
referred to the Ministry of Finance for resolution in view of the provision of
the Local Government Code transferring the power of appointment of treasurers
from the city governments to the said Ministry. The Finance Ministry ruled that
petitioner may be reinstated to her position without the necessity of a new
appointment not earlier than the date she was extended the absolute pardon. Seeking
reconsideration of the foregoing ruling, petitioner wrote the Ministry stressing
that the full pardon bestowed on her has wiped out the crime which implies that
her service in the government has never been interrupted and therefore the date
of her reinstatement should correspond to the date of her preventive suspension;
that she is entitled to back pay for the entire period of her suspension; and
that she should not be required to pay the proportionate share of the amount of
P4, 892.50. <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">The Ministry of Finance, however,
referred petitioner's letter to the Office of the President for further review
and action. Through Deputy Executive Secretary Fulgenio S. Factoran, Jr. held </span>that
acquittal, not absolute pardon, of a former public officer is the only ground
for reinstatement to his former position and entitlement to payment of his
salaries, benefits and emoluments due to him during the period of his
suspension <i>pendente lite </i>and<i>
</i>that petitioner is not entitled to an automatic reinstatement on the
basis of the absolute pardon granted her but must secure an appointment to her
former position and that, notwithstanding said absolute pardon, she is liable
for the civil liability concomitant to her previous conviction.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Whether or not a
public officer, who has been granted an absolute pardon by the Chief Executive,
is entitled to reinstatement to her former position without need of a new
appointment.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: There is a need to apply <span style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white;">and undergo the usual procedure required for a new
appointment. The absolute disqualification or ineligibility from public office
forms part of the punishment prescribed by the Revised Penal Code for estafa
thru falsification of public documents. It is clear from the authorities
referred to that when her guilt and punishment were expunged by her pardon;
this particular disability was likewise removed. Henceforth, petitioner may
apply for reappointment to the office which was forfeited by reason of her
conviction. And in considering her qualifications and suitability for the
public post, the facts constituting her offense must be and should be evaluated
and taken into account to determine ultimately whether she can once again be
entrusted with public funds. Stated differently, the pardon granted to
petitioner has resulted in removing her disqualification from holding public
employment but it cannot go beyond that. To regain her former post as assistant
city treasurer, she must re-apply and undergo the usual procedure required for
a new appointment.</span></span></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-651305888546577432013-10-06T20:34:00.002-07:002013-10-07T17:48:08.996-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 132223. June 19, 2001<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://draft.blogger.com/null" name="BM1322236_2001"></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Bonifacia P. Vancil, petitioner, vs.
Helen G. Belmes, respondent</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">_____________________________________________________________________</span>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Petitioner is
the mother of Reeder C. Vancil, a Navy serviceman of the United States of
America who died in the said country on December 22, 1986. During his lifetime,
Reeder had two children named Valerie and Vincent by his common-law wife, Helen
G. Belmes. Petitioner commences before the RTC a guardianship proceeding over
the persons and properties of minors Valerie, 6 years old and Vincent, 2 years
old. She was appointed legal and judicial guardian over the persons and estate
of said children. The natural mother of the minors, herein respondent, submitted
an opposition to the subject guardianship proceedings asseverating that she had
already filed a similar petition for guardianship. The trial court rejected and
denied Belmes’ motion to remove and/or to disqualify Bonifacia as guardian. The subsequent attempt for reconsideration
was likewise dismissed. On appeal, the Court of Appeals reversed the decision
of the RTC.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Who between
the mother and grandmother of minor Vincent should be his guardian.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Article 211
of the Family Code provides that the father and the mother shall jointly
exercise parental authority over the persons of their common children. In case of disagreement, the father’s
decision shall prevail, unless there is a judicial order to the contrary. Indeed,
being the natural mother of minor Vincent, respondent has the corresponding
natural and legal right to his custody. The ruling in Sagala-Eslao vs. Court of Appeals is
reiterated in this case that of considerable importance is the rule long
accepted by the courts that ‘the right of parents to the custody of their minor
children is one of the natural rights incident to parenthood, a right supported
by law and sound public policy. The
right is an inherent one, which is not created by the state or decisions of the
courts, but derives from the nature of the parental relationship.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Petitioner’s claim to be the
guardian of said minor can only be realized by way of substitute parental authority pursuant to Article 214 of the
Family Code which states that in case of death, absence or unsuitability of the
parents, substitute parental authority
shall be exercised by the surviving grandparent. The ruling in<b> </b>Santos, Sr. vs. Court of Appeals is reiterated
herein that the law vests on the father and mother joint parental
authority over the persons of their common children. In case of absence or death of either parent,
the parent present shall continue
exercising parental authority.
Only in case of the parents’ death, absence or unsuitability may
substitute parental authority be exercised by the surviving grandparent.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Hence, </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">actual custody of and
exercising parental authority over</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">
minor Vincent is vested on </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">the natural mother.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jose S. Amadora, Loreta A. Amadora,
Jose S. Amadora, Jr., Norma A. ylaya, Pantaleon A. Amadora, Jose A. Amdora III,
Lucy A. Amadora, Rosalinda A. Amadora, Perfedto A. Amadora, Serreca A. Amadora,
Vicente A. Amadora and Maria Tiscalina A. Amdora, petitioners, vs. Court of
Appeals, Colegio de San Jose-Recoletos, Victor Lluch Sergio P. Damaso Jr.,
Celistino Dicon, Aniano Abellana, Pablito Damon thru his parents and natural
guardians, Mr. and Mrs. Nicanor Gumban, and Rolando Valencia, thru his
guardian, A. Francisco,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">respondents.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">________________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span>
</div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Alfredo Amadora, seventeen years old
was about to graduate, however while in the school, Colegion de San
Jose-Recoletos, a classmate, Pablito Damon, fired a gun that mortally hit
Alfredo, ending all his expectations and his life as well. Damon was convicted
of homicide thru reckless imprudence.Herein petitioners, as the victim's
parents, filed a civil action for damages under Article 2180 of the Civil Code
against the Colegio de San Jose-Recoletos, its rector the high school
principal, the dean of boys, and the physics teacher, together with Damon and
two other students, through their respective parents. The complaint against the
students was later dropped</span></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">The
trial court held the remaining defendants liable to the plaintiffs. On appeal
to the respondent court, however, the decision was reversed and all the defendants
were completely absolved. <span style="background: white;">The petitioners
contend that their son was in the school to show his physics experiment as a
prerequisite to his graduation; hence, he was then under the custody of the
private respondents. The private respondents submit that Alfredo had
gone to the school only for the purpose of submitting his physics report and
that he was no longer in their custody because the semester had already ended.</span></span></div>
<div style="background: white; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Whether or not <span style="background: white;">Article 2180 covers even establishments which are
technically not school of arts and trades, and, if so, when the offending
student is supposed to be in its custody.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: The provision in
question should apply to<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>all<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>schools, academic as well as
non-academic. Where the school is academic rather than technical or vocational
in nature, responsibility for the tort committed by the student will attach to
the teacher in charge of such student, following the first part of the
provision. This is the general rule. In the case of establishments of arts and
trades, it is the head thereof, and only he, who shall be held liable as an
exception to the general rule. In other words, teachers in general shall be
liable for the acts of their students except where the school is technical in
nature, in which case it is the head thereof who shall be answerable. Following
the canon of<i>reddendo singula singulis</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>"teachers"
should apply to the words "pupils and students" and "heads of
establishments of arts and trades" to the word "apprentices."</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">In sum, the Court finds under the facts as disclosed by the
record and in the light of the principles herein announced that none of the
respondents is liable for the injury inflicted by Pablito Damon on Alfredo
Amadora that resulted in the latter's death at the auditorium of the Colegio de
San Jose-Recoletos. While the court deeply sympathize with the petitioners over the
loss of their son under the tragic circumstances here related, the court nevertheless
are unable to extend them the material relief they seek, as a balm to their
grief, under the law they have invoked. Wherefore, the petition is denied.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-64309760633073306242013-10-06T19:39:00.000-07:002014-08-04T17:36:00.275-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 174689. October 22, 2007<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">Rommel Jacinto Dantes Silverio, petitioner, vs. Republic of the
Philippines, respondent.</span><br />
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">_______________________________________________________________________ </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"></span>
<br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Petitioner was born and registered as male. He admitted that he
is a male transsexual, that is, “anatomically male but feels, thinks and acts
as a “female” and that he had always identified himself with girls since
childhood. He underwent psychological examination, hormone treatment,
breast augmentation and sex reassignment surgery. From then on, petitioner
lived as female and was in fact engaged to be married. He then sought to have
his name in his birth certificate changed from Rommel Jacinto to Mely, and his
sex from male to female. The trial court rendered a decision in favor of the
petitioner. Republic of the Philippines thru the OSG filed a petition for
certiorari in the Court of Appeals. CA rendered a decision in favor of the
Republic.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Whether or not petitioner is entitled to change his name and sex in his birth certificate.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Article 376 of the Civil Code provides that no person can change
his name or surname without judicial authority which was amended by RA 9048 –
Clerical Error Law which does not sanction a change of first name on the ground
of sex reassignment. Before a person can legally change his given name, he must
present proper or reasonable cause or any compelling reason
justifying such change. In addition, he must show that he will be
prejudiced by the use of his true and official name. In this case, he
failed to show, or even allege, any prejudice that he might suffer as a result
of using his true and official name. Article 412 of the Civil Code provides
that no entry in the civil register shall be changed or corrected without a
judicial order. The birth certificate of petitioner contained no error.
All entries therein, including those corresponding to his first name and sex,
were all correct. Hence, no correction is necessary. Article 413 of the Civil
Code provides that all other matters pertaining to the registration of civil
status shall be governed by special laws. However, there is no such special law
in the Philippines governing sex reassignment and its effects. Under the Civil
Register Law, a birth certificate is a historical record of the facts as they
existed at the time of birth. Thus, the sex of a person is
determined at birth, visually done by the birth attendant (the
physician or midwife) by examining the genitals of the infant. Considering
that there is no law legally recognizing sex reassignment, the determination of
a person’s sex made at the time of his or her birth, if not attended by
error is immutable</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">For these reasons, while
petitioner may have succeeded in altering his body and appearance through the
intervention of modern surgery, no law authorizes the change of entry as to sex
in the civil registry for that reason. Thus, there is no legal basis for his
petition for the correction or change of the entries in his birth certificate.
The remedies petitioner seeks involve questions of public policy to be
addressed solely by the legislature, not by the courts. Hence, petition is denied.</span></div>
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<div class="book" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/null" name="BM116773_97"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Teresita
Sagala-Eslao, petitioner, vs. Court of Appeals and Maria Paz Cordero-Ouye,
respondents.</span></div>
<div class="book" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">_______________________________________________________________________</span>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Facts</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: <span style="color: black;">Maria Paz
Cordero-Ouye and Reynaldo Eslao were married of whom two children were
begotten, namely, Leslie and Angelica Eslao. Leslie was entrusted to the care
and custody of Maria, while Angelica stayed with the husband’s mother,
Teresita. When Reynaldo died, Maria intended to bring Angelica with her to
Pampanga but Teresita prevailed upon her to entrust the custody of Angelica to
her, she reasoned out that her son just died and to assuage her grief therefor,
she needed the company of the child to at least compensate for the loss of her
late son. <span class="apple-converted-space"> Maria got</span> married
to certain Dr. James Ouye and migrated to San Francisco, California, USA,
joining her new husband. Maria then returned to the Philippines to be reunited
with her children and bring them to the United States; she then informed Teresita
about her desire to take custody of Angelica and explained that her present
husband expressed his willingness to adopt Leslie and Angelica and to provide
for their support and education. However, Teresita resisted the idea by way of
explaining that the child was entrusted to her when she was ten days old and
accused Maria of having abandoned Angelica. </span></span></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Issue</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: Whether or not the mother have the right to the custody of her
daughter.</span></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Ruling</span></b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">: The court reiterated its ruling in Santos, Sr. vs. Court of
Appeals, that parental authority<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>is
a mass of rights and obligations which the law grants to parents for the
purpose of the children’s physical preservation and development, as well as the
cultivation of their intellect and the education of their heart and senses.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>As regards parental authority, ‘there
is no power, but a task; no complex of rights, but a sum of duties; no
sovereignty but a sacred trust for the welfare of the minor. Parental authority
and responsibility are inalienable and may not be transferred or <span class="apple-converted-space">renounced</span> except in cases authorized by law.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The right attached to parental
authority, being purely personal, the law allows a waiver of parental authority
only in cases of adoption, guardianship and surrender to a children’s home or
an orphan institution.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>When a
parent entrusts the custody of a minor to another, such as a friend or
godfather, even in a document, what is given is merely temporary custody and it
does not constitute a renunciation of parental authority.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Even if a definite renunciation is
manifest, the law still disallows the same.</span></div>
<div class="1q" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Thus, in the instant
petition, when private respondent entrusted the custody of her minor child to
the petitioner, what she gave to the latter was merely temporary custody and it
did not constitute abandonment or renunciation of parental authority. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>For the right attached to parental
authority, being purely personal, the law allows a waiver of parental authority
only in cases of adoption, guardianship and surrender to a children’s home or
an orphan institution which do not appear in the case at bar.</span></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="body" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Of considerable importance
is the rule long accepted by the courts that the right of parents to the
custody of their minor children is one of the natural rights incident to
parenthood, a right supported by law and sound public policy. <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>The right is an inherent one, which is
not created by the state or decisions of the courts, but derives from the natu<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref20">re of the parental relationship.</a></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Macario Tamargo, Celso Tamargo, and Aurelia Tamargo, petitioners, </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">vs. Court of Appeals,
Hon. Judge Ariston L. Rubio of RTC Branch 20, Vigan, Ilocos Sur, Victor Bundoc,
and Clara Bundoc, Repsondents.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">_______________________________________________________________________</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Facts</b>: Adelberto
Bundoc, 10 years old, shot Jennifer Tamargo with an air rifle causing injuries
which resulted in her death. A civil complaint for damages was filed by
petitioner Macario Tamargo, Jennifer's adopting parent, and petitioner spouses
Celso and Aurelia Tamargo, Jennifer's natural parents against respondent
spouses Victor and Clara Bundoc, Adelberto's natural parents with whom he was
living at the time of the tragic incident. In addition to this case for
damages, homicide through reckless imprudence was filed against Adelberto
Bundoc. Adelberto, however, was acquitted and exempted from criminal liability
on the ground that he had acted without discernment.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Prior to the
incident, the spouses Sabas and Felisa Rapisura had filed a petition to adopt
the minor Adelberto Bundoc which was grunted on<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">after</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Adelberto had shot and killed Jennifer.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Respondent, spouses
Bundoc, reciting the result of the foregoing petition for adoption, claimed
that not they, but rather the adopting parents, namely the spouses Rapisura,
were indispensable parties to the action since parental authority had shifted
to the adopting parents from the moment the successful petition for adoption
was filed. Petitioners contended that since Adelberto Bundoc was then actually
living with his natural parents, parental authority had not ceased nor been
relinquished by the mere filing and granting of a petition for adoption.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Issue</b>: Whether or not
the effects of adoption, insofar as parental authority is concerned may be
given retroactive effect so as to make the adopting parents the indispensable parties
in a damage case filed against their adopted child, for acts committed by the
latter, when actual custody was yet lodged with the biological parents.</span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><b>Ruling</b>: </span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Parental authority is
not properly regarded as having been retroactively transferred to and vested in
the adopting parents, the Rapisura spouses, at the time the air rifle shooting
happened. It is not to be considered that retroactive effect may be given to
the decree of adoption so as to impose a liability upon the adopting parents
accruing<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>at a time when
adopting parents had no actual or physically custody over the adopted child</i>.
Retroactive effect may perhaps be given to the granting of the petition for
adoption where such is essential to permit the accrual of some benefit or
advantage in favor of the adopted child. In the instant case, however, to hold
that parental authority had been retroactively lodged in the Rapisura spouses
so as to burden them with liability for a tortious act that they could not have
foreseen and which they could not have prevented since they were at the time
in the United States and had no physical custody over the child Adelberto
would be unfair and unconscionable. Such a result, moreover, would be
inconsistent with the philosophical and policy basis underlying the doctrine of
vicarious liability. Put a little differently, no presumption of parental
dereliction on the part of the adopting parents, the Rapisura spouses, could
have arisen since Adelberto was not in fact subject to their control at the
time the tort was committed. Thus, herein
respondent, spouses Bundoc, Adelberto's natural parents, were indispensable
parties to the suit for damage. </span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-36832337167387731232013-10-06T19:29:00.001-07:002013-10-06T19:54:51.968-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 160725. Septemer 12, 2008<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">National Power Corporation, petitioner, vs. Purefoods Corporation, Solid Development Corporation, Jose Ortega, Jr., Silvestre Bautista, Alfredo Cabande, Heirs of Victor Trinidad, and Moldex Realty Incorporated, respondents.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;">_______________________________________________________________________ </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>Facts</b>: Petitioner is a
government-owned and controlled corporation created by
virtue of RA 6395, empowered to acquire property incident to or necessary,
convenient or proper to carry out the purposes for which it
was created, enter private property in the lawful performance of its
business purposes provided that the owners of such private property shall be
indemnified for any damage that may be caused thereby, and exercise the right
of eminent domain. To construct and maintain its Northwestern Luzon Project, NAPOCOR
had to acquire an easement of right-of-way over certain parcels of
land. NAPOCOR filed a civil action for eminent domain of which respondent
herein were the vendors and vendees of the affected parcels of land. NAPOCOR
contends that only an easement of right-of-way for the construction of the
transmission line project is being claimed, thus, only an easement fee
equivalent to 10% of the fair market value of the properties should be paid to
the affected property owners. NAPOCOR cites
Section 3A, R.A. 6395, as amended and the
implementing regulation of R.A. No. 8974 in support of this
argument. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>Issue</b>: Whether or not
only an easement fee of 10% of the market value of the expropriated properties
should be paid to the affected owners affecting just compensation for an
easement of right-of-way.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0.5in;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: small;"><b>Ruling</b>: While Section
3(a) of R.A. No. 6395, as amended, and the implementing rule of R.A. No. 8974
indeed state that only 10% of the market value of the property is due to the
owner of the property subject to an easement of right-of-way, said rule is not
binding on the Court. Well-settled is the rule that the determination of “just
compensation” in eminent domain cases is a judicial function. The court
reiterated its ruling in <i>Export Processing Zone Authority v. Dulay</i>,
that any valuation for just compensation laid down in the statutes may serve
only as guiding principle or one of the factors in determining just
compensation but it may not substitute the court’s own judgment as to what
amount should be awarded and how to arrive at such amount. The executive
department or the legislature may make the initial determinations but when
a party claims a violation of the guarantee in the Bill of Rights that private
property may not be taken for public use without just compensation, no statute,
decree, or executive order can mandate that its own determination shall prevail
over the court’s findings. Much less can the courts be precluded from looking
into the “just-ness” of the decreed compensation. Hence, herein petition
is denied.</span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-51851019865354124162013-10-03T00:31:00.001-07:002013-10-03T00:31:15.045-07:00Case Digest: G. R. No. 148311. March 31, 2005<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In the matter of the adoption of Stephanie Nathy Astorga Garcia. Honorato B. Catindig, petitioner</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> ________________________________________________________________________</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Facts: Honorato B. Catindig, filed a petition to adopt his minor illegitimate child Stephanie Nathy Astorga Garcia. He alleged that Stephanie's middle name be changed to "Garcia," her mother's surname, and that her surname be changed to "Catindig." the trial court granted the petition for adoption. Petitioner then filed for clarification and/or reconsideration praying that Stephanie should be allowed to use the surname of her biological mother as her middle name. The trial court denied petitioner's motion for reconsideration as there is no law or jurisprudence allowing an adopted child to use the surname of his biological mother as his middle name.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Issue: Whether an illegitimate child may use the surname of her mother as her middle name when she is subsequently adopted by her natural father.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ruling: There is no law prohibiting an illegitimate child adopted by her natural father, like Stephanie, to use, as middle name her mother's surname. The court finds no reason why she should not be allowed to do so. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-31344616749160392442013-10-03T00:31:00.000-07:002013-10-03T00:31:03.278-07:00Case Digest: G. R. No. 105308. September 25, 1998<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Herbert Cang, petitioner, vs. Court of Appeals and Spouses Ronald V. Clavano and Maria Clara Clavano, respondents.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> _______________________________________________________________________</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Facts: Petitioner and Ana Marie Clavano were married and begot three children. Ana Marie upon learning of her husband's illicit liaison file a petition for legal separation with alimony pendente lite which was approved. Petitioner then left for the United States where he sought a divorce from Ana Marie. He was issued a divorce decree and granted sole custody of the children to Ana Marie, reserving rights of visitation at all reasonable times and places to petitioner. Private respondents who were the brother and sister-in-law of Ana Marie filed a petition for adoption of the three minor Cang children. The trial court granted the petition for adoption. Ana Marie was the only parent who gives consent to the adoption of their children. The Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court's decision.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Issue: Whether petitioner has abandoned his children, thereby making his consent to the adoption necessary.</span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Ruling: The law is clear that either parent may lose parental authority over the child only for a valid reason. No such reason was established in the legal separation case. Deprivation of parental authority is one of the effects of a decree of adoption. But there cannot be a valid decree of adoption in this case precisely because the findings of the lower courts on the issue of abandonment of facts on record. The petition for adoption must be denied as it was filed without the required consent of their father who, by law and under the facts of the case at bar, has not abandoned them. </span>Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-65803589547125389082013-07-08T00:06:00.000-07:002013-10-06T19:56:53.040-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 109975. February 9, 2001<!--[if !mso]>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">Republic of the Philippines, <i>petitioner,
vs. </i>Erlinda Matias Dagdag, <i>respondent.</i> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">_______________________________________________________________________</span><br />
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Facts</b>: Erlinda Matias married Avelino Parangan Dagdag and begot two children. Avelino would disappear for months
without explanation and attend to drinking sprees with friends and return home
drunk when with the family; forced his wife to have sexual intercourse
and if she resisted, would inflict injure to the latter. He
left his family again and never heard of him. Erlinda
was constrained to look for a job to fend for themselves. Erlinda
then learned that Avelino was imprisoned for some crime,<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref4"></a> and
that he escaped from jail who remains at-large at date.Erlinda filed for judicial declaration
of nullity of marriage on the ground of psychological incapacity under Article
36 of the Family Code.<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/null" name="_ednref6"></a> The
trial court rendered a decision declaring the marriage void under Artcile 36 of
the Family Code. The Solicitor General appealed to the Court of Appeals raising that the
lower court erred in declaring the apellee's marriage to Avelino Dagdag null
and void on the ground of psychological incapacity of the latter, pursuant to
Article 36 of the Family Code, the psychological incapacity of the nature
contemplated by the law not having been proven to exist. However, the Court of Appeals affirmed the decision of the trial court </span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Issue</b>: Whether or not immaturity and irresponsibility, habitual alcoholic, and a
fugitive from justice constitutes psychological incapacity under Article 36 of the Family Code to declare the marriage null and void.</span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>Ruling</b>: No. The ruling in <i>Republic v. Court of Appeals and
Molina</i> case is reiterated herein in which
the Court laid down the following GUIDELINES in the interpretation and application
of Article 36 of the Family Code:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(1) The burden of proof to show the
nullity of the marriage belongs to the plaintiff.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(2) The <i>root cause</i> of the
psychological incapacity must be: (a) medically or clinically identified, (b)
alleged in the complaint, (c) sufficiently proven by experts and (d) clearly
explained in the decision. Article 36 of the Family Code requires that the
incapacity must be psychological - not physical, although its manifestations
and/or symptoms may be physical. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(3) The incapacity must be proven to
be existing at “the time of the celebration” of the marriage. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> (4) Such incapacity must also
be shown to be medically or clinically permanent or <i>incurable</i>. Such
incurability may be absolute or even relative only in regard to the other
spouse, not necessarily absolutely against everyone of the same sex. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(5) Such illness must be <i>grave </i>enough
to bring about the disability of the party to assume the essential obligations
of marriage.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(6) The essential marital
obligations must be those embraced by Articles 68 up to 71 of the Family Code<a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5441877678720432135#_edn1" name="_ednref1" title=""> </a>as regards the husband and wife as
well as Articles 220, 221 and 225 of the same Code <a href="http://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=5441877678720432135#_edn2" name="_ednref2" title=""></a>in
regard to parents and their children</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(7) Interpretations given by the
National Appellate Matrimonial Tribunal of the Catholic Church in the
Philippines, while not controlling or decisive, should be given great respect
by our courts. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: small;">(8) The trial court must order the
prosecuting attorney or fiscal and the Solicitor General to appear as counsel
for the state. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span></div>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-42234499216884592492013-07-03T23:41:00.000-07:002013-10-06T19:59:52.909-07:00Case Digest: G.R. No. 112381 March 20, 1995<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
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Apa, Manuel Apa and Leonilo Jacalan, <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">petitioners</span>,
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<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Facts:</span></b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> </b>This is a special civil action of <i>certiorari</i> to set aside orders of respondent Judge Romuldo Fernandez of RTC, Branch 54 of Lapu-Lapu City denying petitioners motion for suspension of arraignment and motion for reconsideration in a criminal case filed against them. Petitioners anchor their claim on a prior case regarding ownership. Petitioners allege that the civil case filed in 1990 seeking declaration for nullity of land title of the owner which had been filed three years before May 27, 1993 when the criminal case for squatting was filed against them constitutes a prejudicial question.</span></span><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Issue: </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Whether the question of ownership is a prejudicial question
justifying the suspension of the criminal case against
petitioners.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><i><br /></i></span>
<b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ruling: </span></b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Petition to suspend Criminal Case No. 012489 based on the prejudicial question presented was granted on basis that;</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"></span>
</div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">the prejudicial question is a question based on a fact distinct and separate from the crime but so intimately connected with it that its resolution is determinative of the guilt or innocence of the accused.</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">elements of prejudicial question - (1) the civil action involves an issue similar or intimately related to the issue raised in the criminal action; and (2) the resolution of such issue determines whether or not the criminal action may proceed.</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">the criminal case alleges that petitioners squatted without the knowledge and consent of the owner, which, in 1994 the civil case rendered the nullity of the title of the owner and declared both petitioners and respondents as co-owners of the land.</span></span></li>
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
</span>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">respondents argue that owners can be ejected from his property only if for some reason, that is, he has let it to some other person. However, both case of respondents and petitioners are based on ownership.</span></span></li>
</ul>
Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5441877678720432135.post-29711417243221316262013-06-12T21:04:00.000-07:002013-06-17T20:22:25.686-07:00Lawyer's Oath<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>"I, do solemnly swear that I will maintain allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines; I will support its constitution and obey laws as well as the legal orders of the duly constituted authorities therein; I will do no falsehood, nor consent to the doing of any in court; I will not wittingly or willingly promote or sue any groundless, false or unlawful suit, or give aid nor consent to the same; I will delay no man for money or malice, and will conduct myself as a lawyer according to the best of my knowledge and discretion, with all good fidelity as well to the courts as to my clients; and I impose upon myself these voluntary obligations without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion. So help me God."</i></div>
<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14246023886790817658noreply@blogger.com0